Difficulty in distinguishing malignant gastric lymphoma from advanced gastric cancer: Focusing on endoscopic findings of the Borrmann type.

ABSTRACT: Malignant gastric lymphoma (MGL) accounts for a small proportion (upto 5%) of gastric malignancies. However, unlike for advanced gastric cancer (AGC) that requires surgical treatment, the standard treatments for MGL are chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Hence, the initial impression of the endoscopist is critical for the differential diagnosis and for planning future treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the endoscopic diagnostic accuracy and the possibility of distinguishing between AGC and MGL depending on the endoscopist's experience.A total of 48 patients who had MGL, and 48 age and sex-matched patients who had AGC were assessed by endoscopic review at a tertiary referral hospital between June 2008 and February 2017. Two endoscopic specialists reviewed the endoscopic findings and divided these diagnoses into 5 groups: Borrmann type (1, 2, 3, and 4) and early gastric cancer-like type. After this, 7 experts and 8 trainees were asked to complete a quiz that was comprised of 6 images for each of the 96 cases and to provide an endoscopic diagnosis for each case. The test results were analyzed to assess the diagnostic accuracy according to the pathologic results, endoscopic subgroups, and endoscopists' experience. For inter-observer agreement was calculated with Fleiss kappa values.The overall diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic findings by the experts was 0.604 and that by the trainees was 0.493 (P = .050). There was no significant difference in the diagnosis according to the final pathology (lymphoma cases, 0.518 vs 0.440, P = .378; AGC cases, 0.690 vs 0.547, P = .089, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, the experts showed significantly higher diagnostic accuracy for the endoscopic Borrmann type 4 subgroup, including lymphoma or AGC cases, than the trainees (P = .001). Inter-observer agreement of final diagnosis (Fleiss kappa, 0.174) and endoscopic classification groups (Fleiss kappa, 0.123-0.271) was slightly and fair agreement.The experts tended to have a higher endoscopic diagnostic accuracy. Distinguishing MGL from AGC based on endoscopic findings is difficult, especially for the beginners. Even if the endoscopic impression is AGC, it is important to consider MGL in the differential diagnosis.

Billing, Coding, and Credentialing for Interventional Radiology-Operated Endoscopy.

A sound understanding of billing and coding is essential to start a successful interventional radiology endoscopy practice. While the codes utilized are similar to gastrointestinal and genitourinary endoscopy codes, physicians and institutional coders need to be familiar with the codes used for these types of procedures in the interventional radiology setting. The following manuscript gives a brief overview of aspects relating to credentialing, billing, and coding in interventional radiology endoscopy.

Endoscopic classification of the external auditory canal for transcanal endoscopic ear surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of an endoscopic anatomic classification of the external auditory canal (EAC) for transcanal endoscopic ear surgery. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The EAC Canal Endoscopic Scale (CES) was initially defined according to total or partial EAC narrowing on 0° transcanal endoscopy. A retrospective study was then conducted between September 2013 and March 2015 in a series of consecutive patients fulfilling the study inclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 83% of 5000 patients (10000 ears) were classified as CES 0: i.e., total visualization of the tympanic membrane. Various kinds of EAC narrowing were described. Results were comparable between right and left ears. CONCLUSIONS: 0° endoscopy provided total visualization of the tympanic membrane in most cases, thanks to its magnified lateral view. Preoperative CES classification allows use of angled endoscopes, curved instruments or drilling for canalplasty to be planned in the first step of transcanal endoscopic ear surgery.

Study of the standard direct costs of various techniques of advanced endoscopy. Comparison with surgical alternatives.

INTRODUCTION: The complexity of endoscopy has carried out an increase in cost that has a direct effect on the healthcare systems. However, few studies have analyzed the cost of advanced endoscopic procedures (AEP). OBJECTIVES: To carry out a calculation of the standard direct costs of AEP, and to make a financial comparison with their surgical alternatives. METHODS: Calculation of the standard direct cost in carrying out each procedure. An endoscopist detailed the time, personnel, materials, consumables, recovery room time, stents, pathology and medication used. The cost of surgical procedures was the average cost recorded in the hospital. RESULTS: Thirty-eight AEP were analyzed. The technique showing lowest cost was gastroscopy + APC (€116.57), while that with greatest cost was ERCP with cholangioscopy + stent placement (€5083.65). Some 34.2% of the procedures registered average costs of €1000-2000. In 57% of cases, the endoscopic alternative was 2-5 times more cost-efficient than surgery, in 31% of cases indistinguishable or up to 1.4 times more costly. CONCLUSION: Standard direct cost of the majority of AEP is reported using a methodology that enables easy application in other centers. For the most part, endoscopic procedures are more cost-efficient than the corresponding surgical procedure.

Development and validation of an endoscopic ear surgery classification system.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To design and validate a classification system for endoscopic ear surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Validation study. METHODS: A classification system was devised that quantifies use of the endoscope during middle ear surgery. Otologic operative reports were reviewed by attending surgeons and trainees. A power analysis was performed to determine number of cases needed to review. The following categories were used: class 0 is defined by using the microscope only; class 1 describes the use of endoscope for inspection without dissection; and class 2 describes mixed use of the endoscope and the microscope. It is further subdivided into 2a and 2b, where the endoscope is used for less than 50% of dissection and more than 50% of dissection, respectively. Class 3 describes the use of the endoscope for the entire surgery. Fifty cases were reviewed by three attending otologic surgeons, one resident, and one medical student. RESULTS: Weighted Cohen's Kappa for inter-rater agreement between the two institutional surgeons was 0.79 (95% bias corrected [BC] confidence interval [CI]: 0.58-0.93). Agreement between the external surgeon and the two institutional surgeons was 0.77 (95% BC CI: 0.58-0.89) and 0.76 (95% BC CI: 0.57-0.88). Weighted Kappa between institutional surgeons and a resident was 0.73 (95% BC CI: 0.53-0.88) and 0.62 (95% BC CI: 0.38-0.80), and between institutional surgeons and a medical student was 0.75 (95% BC CI: 0.56-0.89) and 0.70 (95% BC CI: 0.49-0.85). CONCLUSIONS: There was substantial inter-rater agreement. This classification system can be used as a simple and reliable tool to describe the extent to which an endoscope was used during ear surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA. Laryngoscope, 128:967-970, 2018.

Clasificación de las resecciones transorales en la orofaringe: propuesta del grupo de trabajo de la Sociedad Catalana de Otorrinolaringología / Transoral oropharyngeal resection classification: Proposal of the SCORL working group

Introducción y objetivos: La cirugía mínimamente invasiva ha presentado una expansión muy importante en la última década. Con el objetivo de aportar un lenguaje común tras cirugía transoral de la orofaringe, se ha creado un sistema de clasificación de las resecciones en esta zona, independientemente de la instrumentalización utilizada. Métodos: Desde el Grupo de Trabajo en Oncología de la Sociedad Catalana de Otorrinolaringología, se presenta una propuesta de clasificación basada en una división topográfica de las diferentes zonas de la orofaringe, así como en la afectación de las estructuras anexas según las vías anatómicas de extensión de estos tumores. Resultados: La clasificación se inicia utilizando la letra D o I según la lateralidad sea derecha (D) o izquierda (I). A continuación se coloca el número del área resecada. Esta numeración define las zonas iniciando a nivel craneal donde el área I sería el paladar blando, el área II lateral en la zona amigdalina, el área III en la base de lengua, el área IV en los repliegues glosoepiglóticos, la epiglotis y repliegues faringoepiglóticos, el área V pared orofaríngea posterior y VI el trígono retromolar. Se añade el sufijo p si la resección afecta profundamente al plano submucoso de la zona comprometida. Las diferentes áreas propuestas tendrían, de una forma teórica, diferentes implicaciones funcionales. Conclusiones: Propuesta de sistema de clasificación por áreas que permite definir diferentes tipos de cirugía transoral de la orofaringe así como compartir los resultados y ayudar en la docencia de este tipo de técnicas (AU)

Introduction and goals: There has been a very significant increase in the use of minimally invasive surgery has in the last decade. In order to provide a common language after transoral surgery of the oropharynx, a system for classifying resections has been created in this area, regardless of the instrumentation used. Methods: From the Oncology Working Group of the Catalan Society of Otorhinolaryngology, a proposal for classification based on a topographical division of the different areas of the oropharynx is presented, as also based on the invasion of the related structures according to the anatomical routes of extension of these tumours. Results: The classification starts using the letter D or I according to laterality either right (D) or left (I). The number of the resected area is then placed. This numbering defines the zones beginning at the cranial level where area I would be the soft palate, lateral area II in the tonsillar area, area III in the tongue base, area IV in the glossoepiglottic folds, epiglottis and pharyngoepiglottic folds, area V posterior oropharyngeal wall and VI the retromolar trigone. The suffix p is added if the resection deeply affects the submucosal plane of the compromised area. The different proposed areas would, in theory, have different functional implications. Conclusions: Proposal for a system of classification by area to define different types of transoral surgery of the oropharynx, and enable as sharing of results and helps in teaching this type of technique (AU)

uDISE model: a universal drug-induced sedation endoscopy classification system-part 1.

Drug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE) classification systems play a significant role in clinical analysis based on DISE findings, treatment decision process, treatment planning process and fundamentally in treatment outcomes. However, there is a major problem: there is no universally agreed DISE classification system. Hence, for the same DISE examination different DISE classification systems can be used to: assess anatomic findings, decide and plan different treatments. Hence, this leads to different treatment outcomes. The key objective of this study is to propose uDISE model: universal drug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE) classification system. Set theory and relational mapping was used to develop a DISE classification system based on anatomical structures/level; degree of severity; and configuration of obstruction and its relationship with existing DISE classification systems. uDISE model consists of seven anatomical sites (nose, velum, tonsils, lateral pharyngeal wall/oropharynx, tongue base, epiglottis and larynx), three degrees of obstructive severity (none, partial and complete), three configurations of obstruction (anteroposterior, lateral and circumferential) and a severity index. uDISE model was mapped to four existing DISE classification systems: Pringle and Croft grading system, VOTE, NOHL and P-T-L-Tb-E. uDISE model provides a methodology for mapping different DISE findings based on different classification systems into one common DISE assessments format. This provides a framework for comparing different DISE assessments, treatment plan and treatment outcome irrespective of DISE classification system used. Further research is required to establish a complete relational mapping between uDISE model and other existing DISE classification systems.

Maximizing the diagnostic utility of endoscopic biopsy in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal disease.

Flexible endoscopy has become a valuable tool for the diagnosis of many small animal gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, but the techniques must be performed carefully so that the results are meaningful. This article reviews the current diagnostic utility of flexible endoscopy, including practical/technical considerations for endoscopic biopsy, optimal instrumentation for mucosal specimen collection, the correlation of endoscopic indices to clinical activity and to histopathologic findings, and new developments in the endoscopic diagnosis of GI disease. Recent studies have defined endoscopic biopsy guidelines for the optimal number and quality of diagnostic specimens from different regions of the gut. They also have shown the value of ileal biopsy in the diagnosis of canine and feline chronic enteropathies, and have demonstrated the utility of endoscopic biopsy specimens beyond routine hematoxylin and eosin histopathological analysis, including their use in immunohistochemical, microbiological, and molecular studies.

Endoscopic Approaches to the Frontal Sinus: Modifications of the Existing Techniques and Proposed Classification.

Frontal sinus surgery has long been technically challenging in terms of access and chronic disease management. Decades of experience and advances in technology have led to the widespread use of various surgical approaches to the frontal sinus. Modifications to these existing procedures have been described to minimize unnecessarily invasive approaches. The lack of a classification that incorporates the newly described modifications prompts the proposal of a new classification. Eloy I-III incorporates all the previously described approaches as well as 3 recently published, and 1 newly described, procedures.

The International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) and Classification of the Extent of Endoscopic Frontal Sinus Surgery (EFSS).

The frontal recess and frontal sinus anatomy can vary from simple to complex. The variations in the anatomy of the frontal recess and frontal sinus are considerable but almost all variations can be classified if the various cell patterns are analyzed. This consensus document was developed to improve the ability of the surgeon to understand these possible variations, plan the surgery, and communicate these complexities when teaching or reporting outcomes. Once the surgeon understands the anatomical pattern of the frontal sinus and recess cells, the extent of surgery can be planned. This document presents a classification of the extent of surgery based on the anatomical classification.

Respuesta de los autores: español o inglés en la comunicación científica / Authors' reply: Spanish or English in scientific reporting

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Types of endoscopic endonasal resections for sinonasal malignancies.

AIM: The aim of this study was to define the types of endoscopic endonasal resection for sinonasal malignancies according to their origin and extension. METHODS: Patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery for the removal of malignant tumors of the nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, and the anterior cranial base between 2003 and 2010 were included in the study. Patients' data were collected retrospectively. Patients were grouped according to types of endoscopic tumor resection as follows: type I: en bloc resection, type II: resection of intranasal free part piecemeal and origin of tumor en bloc, type III: resection of intranasal free part and origin of tumor piecemeal with curative intent, and type IV: resection of intranasal free part and origin of tumor piecemeal with palliative intent or removal of tumor with positive margin. The follow-up period varied from 2 to 7 years (mean, 4.35 years). RESULTS: Twenty patients were included in the study. Five patients underwent type I, 6 patients type II, 4 patients type III, and 5 patients underwent type IV resection. No local tumor recurrence was seen after types I, II, and III resections, whereas 2 patients (10%) with the type IV resection had a local recurrence. Distant metastasis was observed in 4 patients (20%) postoperatively (1 patient in type I, 1 patient in type III, and 2 patients in type IV resection). Disease-specific death was 15% (1 case in type I and 2 cases in type IV). CONCLUSION: Classification of endoscopic tumor resection used in the present study may help preoperative planning.

Managing expectations of surgical training: a national perspective on gynaecologic endoscopy practice.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the opinion of obstetrics and gynaecology postgraduate trainees differs from practising gynaecologists with respect to the expected endoscopic surgical skill set of a general gynaecologist upon graduation from residency. METHODS: An electronic survey was designed, validated, and pre-tested. It was sent to 775 Canadian obstetrics and gynaecology residents, fellows, and practising physicians through the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada's electronic mailing list. Survey respondents were asked their opinion on the level of training (no extra post-residency training vs. fellowship) required to perform various endoscopic procedures. RESULTS: We received 301 responses (39% response rate). Obstetrics and gynaecology trainees and practising physicians agreed on the training and skill level necessary to perform many endoscopic procedures. However, there were significant differences of opinion among trainees and practising physicians regarding advanced endoscopic procedures such as laparoscopic hysterectomy, cystotomy and enterotomy repair, and appendectomy. More trainees felt that a general gynaecologist without additional post-residency surgical training should be competent to perform such procedures, while practising physicians felt fellowship training was necessary. CONCLUSION: Our survey highlights the different expectations of learners versus those in practice with regard to skills required to perform certain endoscopic procedures, particularly laparoscopic hysterectomy. Trainees who responded believed that after graduation from residency any obstetrician-gynaecologist should be able to perform more advanced endoscopic procedures, but practising physicians did not agree. This discordance between learners and practising colleagues highlights an important educational challenge in obstetrics and gynaecology surgical training. Greater clarification of what is expected of our training programs would be beneficial for both residents and training programs.

Objectif : Déterminer si l'opinion des stagiaires postdoctoraux en obstétrique-gynécologie diffère de celle des gynécologues praticiens en ce qui a trait à l'ensemble de compétences en chirurgie endoscopique dont devrait disposer un gynécologue généraliste à la fin de sa résidence. Méthodes : Un sondage électronique a été conçu, validé et prétesté. Nous l'avons fait parvenir, par l'intermédiaire de la liste de diffusion électronique de la Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada, à 775 résidents, boursiers et praticiens canadiens du domaine de l'obstétrique-gynécologie. Nous avons demandé aux répondants de nous fournir leur opinion quant au niveau de formation requis (aucune formation post-résidence supplémentaire vs fellowship) pour l'exécution de diverses interventions endoscopiques. Résultats : Nous avons reçu 301 réponses (taux de réponse de 39 %). Les stagiaires en obstétrique-gynécologie et les gynécologues prati­ciens étaient du même avis quant au niveau de formation et aux compétences nécessaires pour l'exécution de nombreuses interventions endoscopiques. Toutefois, nous avons constaté des différences d'opinion considérables entre les stagiaires et les praticiens en ce qui concerne les interventions endoscopiques avancées (comme l'hystérectomie laparoscopique, la réparation de cystostomie et d'entérostomie, et l'appendicectomie). Un plus grand nombre de stagiaires étaient d'avis qu'un gynécologue généraliste devrait, sans formation chirurgicale post-résidence supplémentaire, disposer de la compétence requise pour mener de telles interventions, tandis que les praticiens estimaient qu'une formation de type fellowship s'avérait nécessaire. Conclusion : Notre sondage souligne les différences en matière d'attentes, entre les stagiaires et les praticiens, en ce qui concerne les compétences requises pour mener certaines interventions endoscopiques (particulièrement l'hystérectomie laparoscopique). Les stagiaires ayant répondu au sondage estimaient que, à la fin du programme de résidence, tout obstétricien-gynécologue devrait être en mesure de mener des interventions endoscopiques plus avancées, mais les praticiens ne partageaient pas cet avis. Cet écart entre les stagiaires et les praticiens souligne l'existence d'un important défi pédagogique en ce qui concerne la formation chirurgicale en obstétrique-gynécologie. Une meilleure clarification des attentes envers nos programmes de formation s'avérerait bénéfique tant pour les résidents que pour les programmes de formation.

General principles and intraventricular neuroendoscopy: endoscopic techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To term and describe neuroendoscopic techniques. METHODS: A classification into three major groups of endoscopic techniques is presented. RESULTS: 1) Endoscopic neurosurgery ("channel" endoscopy) is mainly used in ventricular endoscopy. The surgical instruments are introduced via working channels that are located within the endoscope. 2) Endoscope-controlled microneurosurgery means that the endoscope is the only visualization tool and microsurgical instruments are used along the endoscope. Major applications are endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery, endoport surgery, and endoscopic transcranial surgery. 3) Endoscope-assisted microneurosurgery means that the microscope and the endoscope are used in the same surgery. The endoscopes are applied when hidden structures to be inspected are not visible in straight line with the microscope. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic techniques are a valuable addition to the neurosurgeon's armamentarium. Endoscopes are especially beneficial in deep and narrow surgical approaches and when "looking around a corner" is required.

Ingesta de cáusticos: situación actual y puesta al día de las recomendaciones / Caustic ingestion: local situation and review of updated recommendations

Introducción: La ingesta de productos domésticos es la segunda causa de consulta por sospecha de intoxicación en la edad pediátrica, y entre éstos destacan los productos cáusticos por su potencial toxicidad y riesgo de secuelas. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los pacientes que ingresan desde urgencias por sospecha de ingesta de cáusticos. Analizar los factores de riesgo de lesiones esófago gástricas. Revisar las recomendaciones actuales de manejo .Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes ingresados desde urgencias por sospecha de ingesta de cáusticos entre enero de 2005 y abril de 2010. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 78 pacientes, 45 de ellos varones (57,7%), mediana de edad de 2,2 años (rango: 1-17,3 años). En 13 casos el producto se encontraba fuera de su envase original y en 36 niños la familia había inducido el vómito o administrado algún líquido como diluyente. Presentaron síntomas 52 niños y la exploración física fue anormal en 46 pacientes. Se realizaron 39 endoscopias digestivas, objetivando lesiones en 7 pacientes. Al comparar los pacientes con endoscopia normal y alterada, se identifican como factores de riesgo de lesiones digestivas la realización de algún vómito (p=0,01) y la presencia de al menos 2 síntomas (p=0,03). Ningún paciente sin endoscopia presentó complicaciones posteriores. Conclusiones: Es necesario mejorar la educación sanitaria informando a las familias sobre medidas preventivas y de manejo inmediato, evitando maniobras que pueden agravar la situación. Algunos pacientes podrían beneficiarse de una observación clínica sin medidas de tratamiento más agresivas (AU)

Background: Household product ingestion is the second cause of visiting an Emergency Department for poisoning in children. Among these products, caustics are of great interest because of their potential toxicity and risk of sequelae. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological and clinical features of patients admitted to our hospital due to possible caustic ingestion. To analyse the risk factors associated with oesophageal or gastric injury. To review the latest treatment recommendations. Materials and methods: Retrospective review of all patients admitted with suspicion of caustic ingestion between January 2005 and April 2010. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects were recorded. Results: A total of 78 patients were admitted, 45 (57.7%) were male, with a median age of 2.2 years (range: 1-17.3 years). In 13 cases the product was kept in a container different than the original. In 36 children, the family had induced vomiting or had given a liquid to dilute the product. Fifty two patients were symptomatic, and 46 of them had some sign on physical examination. Thirty nine oesophagoscopies were performed, and 7 oesophageal or gastric lesions were observed. When patients with normal and abnormal endoscopic findings were compared, the factors associated with an increased risk of mucosal injury were vomiting (P=0.01), and two or more symptoms at admission (P=0.03). No complication was described in patients without endoscopy. Conclusions: Family education about preventive and initial measures after caustic ingestion must be improved in an attempt to prevent wrong actions which can be harmful. Some patients might benefit from clinical observation without aggressive therapeutic measures (AU)

A new endoscopic surgical classification and invasion criteria for pituitary adenomas involving the cavernous sinus.

AIM: There are two major problems for the pituitary adenomas invading the Cavernous Sinus (CS); differentiation of extension and invasion and inability to demonstrate the medial wall via preoperative imaging methods. Two important corridors are defined in endoscopic cavernous sinus approaches; the lateral and medial corridor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 400 endoscopic transphenoidal approaches and 360 pituitary adenomas underwent endoscopic transphenoidal surgery in our department between September 1997 and December 2010. 48 patients affected by the tumours involving the cavernous sinus were included in this study. RESULTS: We performed an intraoperative evaluation of cavernous sinus invasion considering visualization of the medial wall defect, intracavernous ICA segments, minor tumour extensions through small focal pit holes of the medial wall of CS or confirming carotid segments of CS by micro-doppler. Cavernous sinus involvement was classified into three types according to the medial and lateral corridor extension of the tumor as 25 isolated medial corridor involvement (Type I), 5 isolated lateral corridor involvement (Type II) and 18 total involvement (Type III). CONCLUSION: Our classification depends on fully surgical endoscopic approach supported by neuroimaging techniques and anatomical studies and shows a good predictive value for all cavernous sinus involvement.

Gastritis crónica atrófica: concordancia endoscópica, histológica, lesiones asociadas y aplicación de la cromoendoscopia virtual / Chronic atrophic gastritis: endoscopic and histological concordances, associated injuries and application of virtual chromoendoscopy

INTRODUCCIÓN: Debido a la pobre concordancia entre la endoscopía y la histología, la biopsia gástrica sigue siendo el patrón de oro para el diagnóstico de gastritis crónica. La atrofia es el marcador actual de progresión de gastritis crónica. El sistema de cromoendoscopía virtual, permite una mejor observación de la mucosa gástrica. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la concordancia entre el sistema de clasificación endoscópica de Kimura-Takemoto y el sistema histológico OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment), así como evaluar la aplicación de la cromoendoscopia virtual. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y longitudinal de cohorte, en 138 pacientes, usando el sistema endoscópico de Kimura y Takemoto (K-T) con y sin el uso de cromoendoscopia virtual, comparándolas con los hallazgos histológicos del sistema OLGA. Además se determinó las lesiones gástricas asociadas según estadio de atrofia histológica. RESULTADOS: La concordancia entre la endoscopia convencional y el sistema OLGA fue de 0.859 y con el sistema de la cromoendoscopia virtual fue de 0.822. Las lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas estuvieron asociadas a estadios III y IV de OLGA CONCLUSIONES: La correlación endoscópica e histológica de los dos sistemas, es muy buena, con o sin el uso de cromoendoscopía virtual.

INTRODUCTION: Due to the poor agreement between endoscopy and histology, the gastric biopsy continues being the gold standard for the diagnosis of atrophic chronic gastritis. The Virtual chromoendoscopy system allows better observation of the gastric mucosa OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the agreement between the Kimura-Takemoto's endoscopic system classification and the histological system of OLGA (Operative for Link Assessment Gastritis), as well as to evaluate the application of the virtual chromoendoscopy METHODOLOGY: A prospective and longitudinal study of cohorts, 138 patients was include, using endoscopic system of atrophy by Kimura and Takemoto (K-T), with conventional optical and with the use of seventh filter of virtual chromoendoscopy, then comparing with the histological findings of the OLGA pathology system, also were determinate injuries associated with respect to stage OLGA RESULTS: The kappa index of agreement between conventional endoscopy and the system OLGA was 0.859 and with the system of virtual chromoendoscopy was 0.822, the preneoplasic and neoplastic gastric lesions were associate to stages III and IV of atrophy CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic and histological correlation with both systems isvery good, with or without the use of virtual chromoendoscopy.

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: the VOTE classification.

The surgical evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea is designed to characterize the pattern of upper airway obstruction in order to develop an effective treatment plan for an individual patient. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is one evaluation technique that involves assessment of individuals under pharmacologic sedation designed to simulate natural sleep, utilizing fiberoptic endoscopy to examine the upper airway. Developed in multiple centers throughout Europe, DISE was first described in 1991 and is performed widely around the world. Although multiple studies support a potential role for DISE in evaluation for treatment with surgery and mandibular repositioning appliances, important clinical questions remain unanswered. A major limitation in advancing our understanding of drug-induced sleep endoscopy has been the multiplicity and, in many cases, the complexity of classification systems that prevent the comparison of results across the studies and centers. We present the VOTE classification, a method for characterizing DISE findings that focuses on its core feature, the specific structures that contribute to obstruction.

Luces y sombras del tratamiento endoscópico del enfisema / Pros and Cons of Endoscopic Treatment of Emphysema

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Tecnificación de los gabinetes de endoscopia respiratoria / The Increasing Technology In Bronchoscopy Suites

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